Source	Human platelet-derived TGF-beta 1 protein The human platelets used for the isolation of this product were certified by the supplier to be HIV-1 and HBsAg negative at the time of shipment. Human blood products should always be treated in accordance with universal handling precautions.
Purity	>97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
Endotoxin level	<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
SDS-PAGE	12 kDa, reducing conditions
Activity	Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse T cells. Tsang, M. et al. (1995) Cytokine 7:389. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.04-0.2 ng/mL.

Human TGF-beta 1 Protein Scientific Data Examples

	Human TGF-beta 1 Protein Bioactivity Human TGF-beta 1 (Catalog # 100-B) inhibits Recombinant Mouse IL-4 (Catalog # 404-ML) induced cell proliferation in the HT-2 mouse T cell line. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.04-0.2 ng/mL.
	Human TGF-beta 1 Protein SDS-PAGE 1 μg/lane of Recombinant Human TGF-beta 1 was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions and visualized by silver staining, showing single bands at 12 kDa and 24 kDa, respectively.

Formulation, Preparation and Storage

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

100-B

Carrier

Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
Reconstitution	Reconstitute at 10 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage:	Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied. 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Background: TGF-beta 1

TGF-beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cysteine knot structure (1-7). TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1-4). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non-redundant functions; for TGF-beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation (2). Human TGF-beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein (8). A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N-terminal 249 aa latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a C-terminal 112 aa mature TGF- beta 1 (8, 9). Disulfide-linked homodimers of LAP and TGF-beta 1 remain non-covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF-beta 1 complex (8-10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). TGF-beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins (10). Mature human TGF-beta 1 shares 100% aa identity with pig, dog and cow TGF-beta 1, and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF-beta 1. It demonstrates cross-species activity (1). TGF-beta 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-beta RI (also called activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) -5), or alternatively,
ALK‑1.This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription (3, 11, 12). Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF-beta RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts (11).

Item	Value
References	Derynck, R. and K. Miyazono (2008) “TGF-beta and the TGF-beta Family” in The TGF-beta Family, Derynck, R. and K. Miyazono eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, p. 29. Dunker, N. & K. Krieglstein, 2000, Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6982. Wahl, S.M. (2006) Immunol. Rev. 213:213. Chang, H. et al. (2002) Endocr. Rev. 23:787. Lin, J.S. et al. (2006) Reproduction 132:179. Hinck, A.P. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:8517. Mittl, P.R.E. et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5:1261. Derynck, R. et al. (1985) Nature 316:701. Miyazono, K. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:6407. Oklu, R. and R. Hesketh (2000) Biochem. J. 352:601. de Caestecker, M. et al. (2004) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:1. Zuniga, J.E. et al. (2005) J. Mol. Biol. 354:1052.
Long Name	Transforming Growth Factor beta 1
Entrez Gene IDs	7040 (Human); 21803 (Mouse); 59086 (Rat); 397078 (Porcine); 100033900 (Equine)
Alternate Names	CEDLAP, DPD1, TGF beta, TGF beta1, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 1 protein, TGF-beta-1, TGFB, TGFB1, TGFbeta, TGFbeta 1, latency-associated peptide, transforming growth factor beta-1, transforming growth factor, beta 1

Citations for Human TGF-beta 1 Protein (38)

Showing 1 - 10 of 38 citations Showing All

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Citations are publications that use Bio-Techne products. Selected citations for Human TGF-beta 1 Protein include:

Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

BE Decato et al. (2022), LPA1 antagonist BMS-986020 changes collagen dynamics and exerts antifibrotic effects in vitro and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory Research, 23(1):61.
PMID: 35303880
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

S Sharma et al. (2021), E4 engages uPAR and enolase-1 and activates urokinase to exert antifibrotic effects JCI Insight, 6(24).
PMID: 34935642
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Q Lu et al. (2021), PP2A Catalytic Subunit alpha promotes fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis via ERK pathway Cellular Signalling, 90(0):110187.
PMID: 34780974
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

SR Rønnow et al. (2020), Prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar: an in vitro screening tool for anti-fibrotic therapies using biomarkers of extracellular matrix synthesis Respir. Res., 21(1):108.
PMID: 32381012
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

K Tsubouchi et al. (2019), Involvement of GPx4-Regulated Lipid Peroxidation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pathogenesis J. Immunol., 0(0).
PMID: 31534007
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Culture Treatment
Applications: Bioassay

QF Li et al. (2018), Activation of Ras in the Vascular Endothelium Induces Brain Vascular Malformations and Hemorrhagic Stroke Cell Rep, 24(11):2869-2882.
PMID: 30208313
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

E Engelowski et al. (2018), IL-23R Signaling Plays No Role in Myocardial Infarction Sci Rep, 8(1):17078.
PMID: 30459442
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

X Xue et al. (2018), Protein kinase C alpha drives fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis by stimulating autophagic flux J. Biol. Chem., 0(0).
PMID: 29794026
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Z Zeng et al. (2017), Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Fibroblast Activation and Kidney Fibrosis Involving MTORC2 Signaling Suppression Sci Rep, 7(0):46146.
PMID: 28393852
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

X Fu et al. (2017), Aloperine Protects Mice against DSS-Induced Colitis by PP2A-Mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Suppression Mediators Inflamm., 2017(0):5706152.
PMID: 29056830
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

J Ren et al. (2016), Quercetin Inhibits Fibroblast Activation and Kidney Fibrosis Involving the Suppression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and ?-catenin Signaling Sci Rep, 6(0):23968.
PMID: 27052477
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Patsialou A et al. (2015), Autocrine CSF1R signaling mediates switching between invasion and proliferation downstream of TGFbeta in claudin-low breast tumor cells. Oncogene, 34(21):2721-31.
PMID: 25088194
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Dayer C et al. (2015), Recruitment of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to the Fibroblast Cell Surface by Lysyl Hydroxylase 3 (LH3) Triggers Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) Activation and Fibroblast Differentiation. J Biol Chem, 290(22):13763-78.
PMID: 25825495
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Li J et al. (2015), Rictor/mTORC2 signaling mediates TGFbeta1-induced fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int, 88(3):515-27.
PMID: 25970154
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Bernard M et al. (2014), Autophagy fosters myofibroblast differentiation through MTORC2 activation and downstream upregulation of CTGF. Autophagy, 10(12):2193-207.
PMID: 25495560
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Xu L et al. (2014), Induction of high temperature requirement A1, a serine protease, by TGF-beta1 in articular chondrocytes of mouse models of OA. , 0(0).
PMID: 24135912
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Duan W et al. (2014), Opposing roles for Smad2 and Smad3 in peritoneal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Am J Pathol, 184(8):2275-84.
PMID: 24925688
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Jiang L et al. (2013), Rheb/mTORC1 signaling promotes kidney fibroblast activation and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 24(7):1114-26.
PMID: 23661807
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Zhang N et al. (2012), TGF-beta signaling to T cells inhibits autoimmunity during lymphopenia-driven proliferation. Nat. Immunol., 13(7):667-73.
PMID: 22634866
Species: Rat
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: Bioassay

Zhu Y et al. (2012), Transforming growth factor beta induces sensory neuronal hyperexcitability, and contributes to pancreatic pain and hyperalgesia in rats with chronic pancreatitis. Mol Pain, 8(0):65.
PMID: 22963239
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Kawamura T et al. (2012), Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency. J. Clin. Invest., 122(2):722-32.
PMID: 22214844
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Bruchard M et al. (2012), Chemotherapy-triggered cathepsin B release in myeloid-derived suppressor cells activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome and promotes tumor growth. Nat Med, 19(1):57-64.
PMID: 23202296
Stumhofer JS et al. (2010), A role for IL-27p28 as an antagonist of gp130-mediated signaling. Nat. Immunol., 11(12):1119-26.
PMID: 21057510
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Kashiwakuma D et al. (2010), B and T lymphocyte attenuator suppresses IL-21 production from follicular Th cells and subsequent humoral immune responses. J. Immunol., 185(5):2730-6.
PMID: 20660710
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Suzuki H et al. (2010), VEGFR2 is selectively expressed by FOXP3high CD4+ Treg. Eur. J. Immunol., 40(1):197-203.
PMID: 19902430
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Ogawa Y et al. (2009), Gram-positive bacteria enhance HIV-1 susceptibility in Langerhans cells, but not in dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor activation. Blood, 113(21):5157-66.
PMID: 19279330
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Gang EJ et al. (2008), Pax3 activation promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward the myogenic lineage. Exp. Cell Res., 314(8):1721-33.
PMID: 18395202
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

David L et al. (2007), Identification of BMP9 and BMP10 as functional activators of the orphan activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) in endothelial cells. Blood, 109(5):1953-61.
PMID: 17068149
Species: Human

Applications: Bioassay

Nazareth MR et al. (2007), Characterization of human lung tumor-associated fibroblasts and their ability to modulate the activation of tumor-associated T cells. J. Immunol., 178(9):5552-62.
PMID: 17442937
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Alexander S et al. (2007), Activin A is an anticatabolic autocrine cytokine in articular cartilage whose production is controlled by fibroblast growth factor 2 and NF-kappaB. Arthritis Rheum., 56(11):3715-25.
PMID: 17968943
Species: Rat
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo

Matsumura S et al. (2007), Increase in transforming growth factor-beta in the brain during infection is related to fever, not depression of spontaneous motor activity. Neuroscience, 144(3):1133-40.
PMID: 17156928
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Lindsley RC et al. (2006), Canonical Wnt signaling is required for development of embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm. Development, 133(19):3787-96.
PMID: 16943279
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Wen FQ et al. (2004), Interferon-gamma inhibits transforming growth factor-beta production in human airway epithelial cells by targeting Smads. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 30(6):816-22.
PMID: 14722222
Species: N/A
Sample Types: N/A
Applications: ELISA (Standard)

Mozaffarian D et al. (2004), trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80(6):1521-5.
PMID: 15585763
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Zhou W et al. (2003), Dual regulation of proliferation and growth arrest in prostatic stromal cells by transforming growth factor-beta1. Endocrinology, 144(10):4280-4.
PMID: 12959966
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Jono H et al. (2002), Transforming growth factor-beta -Smad signaling pathway cooperates with NF-kappa B to mediate nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced MUC2 mucin transcription. J. Biol. Chem., 277(47):45547-57.
PMID: 12237307
Species: Canine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Depoortere F et al. (2000), Transforming growth factor beta(1) selectively inhibits the cyclic AMP-dependent proliferation of primary thyroid epithelial cells by preventing the association of cyclin D3-cdk4 with nuclear p27(kip1). Mol. Biol. Cell, 11(3):1061-76.
PMID: 10712520
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Fadok et al. (1998), Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest, 101(4):890-8.
PMID: 9466984

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