Source	Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived mouse IL-31 protein Ala31-Cys163
Purity	>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
Endotoxin level	<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
N-terminal sequence Analysis	Ala31
Predicted Molecular Mass	15 kDa
SDS-PAGE	16-25 kDa, under reducing conditions
Activity	Measured by its ability to induce STAT3 reporter activity in HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells transfected with mouse IL-31RA and OSMR beta. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.05-0.4 ng/mL.

Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Mammalian-expressed) Protein, CF Scientific Data Examples

	Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Mammalian-expressed) Protein Bioactivity Mammalian-expressed Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Catalog # 10409-ML) induces STAT3 reporter activity in HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells transfected with mouse IL-31RA and OSMR beta. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.05-0.4 ng/mL.
	Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Mammalian-expressed) Protein SDS-PAGE 2 μg/lane of Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Mammalian-expressed) Protein (Catalog # 10409-ML) was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions and visualized by Coomassie® Blue staining, showing bands at 16-25 kDa.

Formulation, Preparation and Storage

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

10409-ML

Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.
Reconstitution	Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in PBS.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage:	Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied. 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

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Background: IL-31

Mouse Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is secreted, short-chain member of the alpha -helical IL-6 family of cytokines (1, 2). The mouse IL‑31 cDNA encodes a 163 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a signal peptide and a mature protein (3, 4). The mature region shows four alpha ‑helices which would be expected to generate a typical up-up-down-down topology. Mature mouse IL-31 shares 29% and 63% aa sequence identity with human and rat IL-31, respectively. Neither mouse nor human IL-31 are active on their counterparts receptors (1). IL-31 is associated with activated T cells and is preferentially expressed by Th2 rather than Th1 cells (1). IL-31 signals via a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a gp130-related molecule termed IL-31 RA (also GPL and GLM-R) and the 180 kDa oncostatin M receptor (OSM R beta) (4‑8). In the complex, IL‑31 directly binds to IL‑31 RA, not OSM R (4, 5). IL-31 signaling has been shown to involve the Jak/STAT pathway, the PI3 kinase/AKT cascade, and MAP kinase pathway. Although multiple isoforms of IL-31 RA are known, only a form that contains the entire length of the cytoplasmic domain is signaling-capable (4‑7). The IL-31 receptor is constitutively expressed by keratinocytes and up-regulated by IFN-gamma on monocytes (1, 3). Other cells known to be responsive to IL-31 include bronchial epithelium, type II alveolar cells, goblet cells, and likely hematopoietic progenitor cells (9‑11). Functionally, it has been shown that IL-31 may contribute to clinical pruritis (itching) associated with nonatopic dermatitis (1, 3, 12). This may be a consequence of IL-31's ability to induce keratinocyte secretion of multiple cytokines, including TARC, GRO‑ alpha, MIP‑3 beta and I-309 (1). In addition, IL-31 promotes proliferation of high-density cell populations such as myeloid progenitor cells, but conversely suppresses proliferation of lung epithelial cells (1). Finally, IL-31 may actually have a modulating effect on T cell subsets, influencing the ratio between Th1 and Th2 cells (1).

Item	Value
References	Zhang, Q. et al. (2008) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 19:347. Venereau, E. et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 285:14955. Dillon, S.R. et al. (2004) Nat. Immunol. 5:752. Diveu, C. et al. (2004) Eur. Cytokine Netw. 15:291. Dreuw, A. et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279:36112. Dieu, C. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278:49850. Ghilardi, N. et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277:16831. Mosley, B. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:32635. Chattopadhyay, S. et al. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282:3014. Perrigoue, J.G. (2009) J. Immunol. 182:6088. Broxmeyer, H.E. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35(Suppl 1):78. Takaoka, A. et al. (2005) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 516:180.
Long Name	Interleukin 31
Entrez Gene IDs	386653 (Human); 76399 (Mouse)
Alternate Names	IL-31, IL-31interleukin-31, IL31, interleukin 31

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Recombinant Mouse IL-31 (Mammalian-expressed) Protein, CF

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