Source	Porcine platelet-derived TGF-beta 1 protein
Purity	>97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
Endotoxin level	<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
SDS-PAGE	12 kDa, reducing conditions
Activity	Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse T cells. Tsang, M. et al. (1995) Cytokine 7:389. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.03-0.2 ng/mL.

Formulation, Preparation and Storage

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

101-B1

Carrier

Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
Reconstitution	Reconstitute at 10 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage:	Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied. 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

101-B1/CF

Carrier Free

Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA.
Reconstitution	Reconstitute 1 µg vials at 10 µg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin. Reconstitute 10 µg or larger vials at 100 µg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage:	Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied. 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Background: TGF-beta 1

TGF- beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure (1 - 7). TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1 - 4). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non redundant functions; for TGF-beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation (2). Porcine TGF-beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein (8). A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N-terminal 220 aa latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a C-terminal 112 aa mature TGF- beta 1 (8, 9). Disulfide-linked homodimers of LAP and TGF-beta 1 remain non-covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF-beta 1 complex (8 - 10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). TGF-beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins (10). Mature porcine TGF-beta 1 shows 100% aa identity with human, dog and cow TGF-beta 1 and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF-beta 1. It demonstrates cross species activity (1). TGF-beta 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-beta RI (also called activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) -5), or alternatively, ALK-1.This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription (3, 11, 12). Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF-beta RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts (11).

Item	Value
References	Sporn, M.B. (2006) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 17:3. Dunker, N. and K. Krieglstein (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6982. Wahl, S.M. (2006) Immunol. Rev. 213:213. Chang, H. et al. (2002) Endocr. Rev. 23:787. Lin, J.S. et al. (2006) Reproduction 132:179. Hinck, A.P. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:8517. Mittl, P.R.E. et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5:1261. Kondaiah, P. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:18313. Miyazono, K. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:6407. Oklu, R. and R. Hesketh (2000) Biochem. J. 352:601. de Caestecker, M. et al. (2004) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:1. Zuniga, J.E. et al. (2005) J. Mol. Biol. 354:1052.
Long Name	Transforming Growth Factor beta 1
Entrez Gene IDs	7040 (Human); 21803 (Mouse); 59086 (Rat); 397078 (Porcine); 100033900 (Equine)
Alternate Names	CEDLAP, DPD1, TGF beta, TGF beta1, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 1 protein, TGF-beta-1, TGFB, TGFB1, TGFbeta, TGFbeta 1, latency-associated peptide, transforming growth factor beta-1, transforming growth factor, beta 1

Citations for Porcine TGF-beta 1 Protein (21)

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Citations are publications that use Bio-Techne products. Selected citations for Porcine TGF-beta 1 Protein include:

Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

K Stanko et al. (2018), CD96 expression determines the inflammatory potential of IL-9-producing Th9 cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 0(0).
PMID: 29531070
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

X Du et al. (2018), SMAD4 feedback regulates the canonical TGF-? signaling pathway to control granulosa cell apoptosis Cell Death Dis, 9(2):151.
PMID: 29396446
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

AE Dodi et al. (2018), Regulation of fibroblast Fas expression by soluble and mechanical pro-fibrotic stimuli Respir. Res., 19(1):91.
PMID: 29747634
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

X Fu et al. (2018), Specialized fibroblast differentiated states underlie scar formation in the infarcted mouse heart J. Clin. Invest., 0(0).
PMID: 29664017
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

L Peix et al. (2018), Diverse functions of clusterin promote and protect against the development of pulmonary fibrosis Sci Rep, 8(1):1906.
PMID: 29382921
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

H Khalil et al. (2017), Fibroblast-specific TGF-?-Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis J. Clin. Invest., 0(0).
PMID: 28891814
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

C Silva-Vilc et al. (2017), Low doses of cholera toxin and its mediator cAMP induce CTLA-2 secretion by dendritic cells to enhance regulatory T cell conversion PLoS ONE, 12(7):e0178114.
PMID: 28759565
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

K Bernard et al. (2017), Glutaminolysis is required for TGF-?1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation J. Biol. Chem., 0(0).
PMID: 29222329
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

(2016), TGF-? signaling controls FSHR signaling-reduced ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis through the SMAD4/miR-143 axis Cell Death Dis, 7(11):e2476.
PMID: 27882941
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

(2016), Context-dependent switch in chemo/mechanotransduction via multilevel crosstalk among cytoskeleton-regulated MRTF and TAZ and TGF?-regulated Smad3 Nat Commun, 7(0):11642.
PMID: 27189435
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Sanders Y et al. (2015), SMAD-independent down-regulation of caveolin-1 by TGF-beta: effects on proliferation and survival of myofibroblasts. PLoS ONE, 10(2):e0116995.
PMID: 25658089
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Bernard K et al. (2015), Metabolic Reprogramming Is Required for Myofibroblast Contractility and Differentiation. J Biol Chem, 290(42):25427-38.
PMID: 26318453
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

West J et al. (2015), Serotonin 2B Receptor Antagonism Prevents Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS ONE, 11(2):e0148657.
PMID: 26863209
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Annemann M et al. (2015), IkappaBNS regulates murine Th17 differentiation during gut inflammation and infection. J Immunol, 194(6):2888-98.
PMID: 25694610
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Huang Y et al. (2014), RGD surface functionalization of the hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens material to control posterior capsular opacification. PLoS ONE, 9(12):e114973.
PMID: 25501012
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Hamada H et al. (2009), Tc17, a unique subset of CD8 T cells that can protect against lethal influenza challenge. J. Immunol., 182(6):3469-81.
PMID: 19265125
Species: Human
Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
Applications: Bioassay

Rojas A et al. (2008), The aberrant methylation of TSP1 suppresses TGF-beta1 activation in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 123(1):14-21.
PMID: 18425817
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

McKinley L et al. (2008), TH17 cells mediate steroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. J. Immunol., 181(6):4089-97.
PMID: 18768865
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Seong HA et al. (2007), 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent PDK1 negatively regulates transforming growth factor-beta-induced signaling in a kinase-dependent manner through physical interaction with Smad proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 282(16):12272-89.
PMID: 17327236
Species: Bovine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay

Fazzini M et al. (2006), Transforming growth factor beta1 regulates follistatin mRNA expression during in vitro bovine granulosa cell differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol., 207(1):40-8.
PMID: 16245315
Species: Xenopus
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo

Mogi K et al. (2003), Xenopus neurula left-right asymmetry is respeficied by microinjecting TGF-beta5 protein. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 47(1):15-29.
PMID: 12653248

Porcine TGF-beta 1 Protein

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Formulation, Preparation and Storage

Carrier Free

101-B1

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101-B1/CF

Carrier Free

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Background: TGF-beta 1

Citations for Porcine TGF-beta 1 Protein (21)

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