Human Coagulation Factor II/Thrombin Alexa Fluor™ Plus 680-conjugated Antibody

Coagulation Factor II, commonly known as thrombin, is an essential component of the coagulation cascade in which it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII and forms complexes with protein C and thrombomodulin (1). It also activates platelets and regulates the behavior of additional cells through protease‑activated receptors (PARs) (2). It may have either protective or deleterious functions, depending on the level and location (3). Its activity is regulated by endogenous inhibitors such as anti-thrombin III (serpin C1) or heparin cofactor II (serpin D1). A plasma serine protease, thrombin is synthesized in the liver as a 622 amino acid precursor with a 24 amino acid signal peptide. Cleavage by itself or by similar enzymes converts the proenzyme to three forms designated as alpha-, beta- and gamma-thrombin. Composed of a disulfide bond-linked dimer of the light chain (A) (residues 328‑363) and the heavy chain (B) (residues 364‑622), alpha-thrombin displays the diverse functions as described above. In comparison, the further processed B chains of beta- and gamma-thrombin have no known physiological function, but retain most of the activity towards small synthetic substrates (4).