SARS-CoV was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that infected more than 8,000 persons with over 900 fatalities worldwide in 2002-2003 (1). It belongs to a family of viruses known as coronaviruses that also include MERS and SARS-Cov2 that causes the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Coronavirus is commonly comprised of four structural proteins: Spike protein(S), Envelope protein (E), Membrane protein (M), and Nucleocapsid protein (N) (1). SARS-CoV S Protein is a type-I trimerized membrane glycoprotein that mediates membrane fusion and viral entry. As with most coronaviruses, proteolytic cleavage of the S protein into two distinct peptides, S1 and S2 subunits, is required for activation. The S1 subunit is focused on attachment of the protein to the host receptor while the S2 subunit is involved with cell fusion (2-4). A metallopeptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), has been identified as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV through interaction with a receptor binding domain (RBD) located at the C-terminus of S1 subunit (5, 6). Based on amino acid (aa) sequence homology, the RBD domain of SARS-Cov shares 73% and 24% homology with RBD domain of SARS-CoV2 and MERS, respectively. Before binding to the ACE-2 receptor, structural analysis of the S1 trimer shows that only one of the three RBD domains in the trimeric structure is in the "up" conformation. This is an unstable and transient state that passes between trimeric subunits but is nevertheless an exposed state to be targeted for neutralizing antibody therapy (7). Antibodies to S protein especially the RBD region of SARS-CoV have been shown to inhibit interaction with the ACE-2 receptor, confirming RBD as an attractive target for vaccinations or antiviral therapy (8).

References

Rota, P.A. et al. (2003) Science 300:1394.
Bosch, B.J. et al. (2003). J. Virol. 77:8801.
Belouzard, S. et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:5871.
Millet, J.K. and G. R. Whittaker (2015) Virus Res. 202:120.
Li, W. et al. (2003) Nature 426:450.
Wong, S.K. et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279:3197.
Ortega, J.T. et al. (2020) EXCLI J. 19:410.
Du, L. el al. (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:226.

Long Name

Spike Receptor Binding Domain

Entrez Gene IDs

3200426 (HCoV-HKU1); 14254594 (MERS-CoV); 1489668 (SARS-CoV); 43740568 (SARS-CoV-2)

Gene Symbol

UniProt

NP_0828851.1

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This product is provided under an intellectual property license from Life Technologies Corporation. The transfer of this product is conditioned on the buyer using the purchased product solely in research conducted by the buyer, excluding contract research or any fee for service research, and the buyer must not (1) use this product or its components for (a) diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes; (b) testing, analysis or screening services, or information in return for compensation on a per-test basis; or (c) manufacturing or quality assurance or quality control, and/or (2) sell or transfer this product or its components for resale, whether or not resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5781 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@thermofisher.com.

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD Alexa Fluor™ Plus 594-conjugated Antibody

R&D Systems, part of Bio-Techne | Catalog # FAB10827AFP594

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Background: Spike RBD